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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
The transport of soluble and membrane proteins is mediated by transport vesicles that collect cargo from one cellular compartment and deliver it to another by fusing with the target organelle membrane. The Rab...
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Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

2.0K
Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading TED
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Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading TED

Published on: May 7, 2013

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Calcium trafficking integrates endoplasmic reticulum function with mitochondrial bioenergetics.

Randal J Kaufman1, Jyoti D Malhotra2

  • 1Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|April 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Calcium ions are vital for cell function and signaling. This review summarizes recent findings on how calcium regulates endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial functions, impacting cell life and death.

Keywords:
Calcium homeostasisCell deathER Ca(2+) homeostasisER stress

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Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms
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Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

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Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells
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Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading TED
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Direct Imaging of ER Calcium with Targeted-Esterase Induced Dye Loading TED

Published on: May 7, 2013

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Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms
13:40

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

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Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells
08:29

Analyses of Mitochondrial Calcium Influx in Isolated Mitochondria and Cultured Cells

Published on: April 27, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Calcium homeostasis is crucial for cellular functions, acting as a key signaling molecule.
  • Dysregulation of cellular calcium leads to cell death, including apoptosis.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum is a major calcium store, influencing organelle communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding calcium's role in regulating endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial function.
  • To highlight the importance of ER-mitochondrial calcium dynamics in cellular processes.
  • To discuss the molecular mechanisms governing calcium transport between ER and mitochondria.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on calcium signaling.
  • Analysis of studies investigating calcium transport between organelles.
  • Synthesis of findings on molecular regulators of ER-mitochondrial calcium dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Calcium transport from the ER to mitochondria significantly impacts cellular bioenergetics and apoptosis.
  • Molecular players mediating ER-mitochondrial calcium traffic have been identified.
  • Regulation of these molecular identities is key to controlling calcium dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Calcium signaling is fundamental to cell life, death, and overall health.
  • ER-mitochondrial calcium crosstalk is critical for cellular responses.
  • Further research is needed to understand the precise regulation of these calcium pathways.