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DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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The dissolution of intimate relationships presents complex emotional and psychological challenges, particularly when emotional bonds are strong, the relationship is long-standing, and perceived alternatives are limited. This distress often intensifies in romantic breakups, where the initiator may experience greater turmoil than the rejected partner. Contributing factors include residual attachment, guilt over causing pain, and uncertainty about how to manage the situation. The stress is further...
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In the study of elastoplastic members subjected to bending moments, understanding the loading and unloading phases is crucial for assessing material behavior and structural integrity. During the loading phase, as the bending moment increases, the material initially responds elastically, adhering to Hooke's Law, where stress is directly proportional to strain. When the load exceeds the yield strength, plastic deformation occurs, resulting in permanent strain and deformation that remains even...
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Cutting Procedures, Tensile Testing, and Ageing of Flexible Unidirectional Composite Laminates
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Preparing to unwind.

Jin Chuan Zhou1, Alessandro Costa

  • 1Jin Chuan Zhou is at the London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Clare Hall Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.

Elife
|April 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used protein crystallography and biochemistry to understand how ring-shaped helicases capture single DNA strands during double helix unwinding. This reveals a key step in DNA replication and repair mechanisms.

Keywords:
DNA replicationarchaeabiochemistrycrystallographyhelicase

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Helicases are essential enzymes that unwind DNA double helices.
  • Understanding the mechanism of helicase-DNA interaction is crucial for comprehending DNA replication, repair, and recombination.
  • Ring-shaped helicases are a class of enzymes with a unique structure implicated in these processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism by which ring-shaped helicases trap single DNA strands.
  • To provide structural insights into the initial stages of DNA unwinding by helicases.
  • To understand how helicases transition from binding to unwinding DNA.

Main Methods:

  • Protein crystallography was employed to determine the high-resolution structure of the helicase-DNA complex.
  • Biochemical assays were used to characterize the binding and activity of the helicase.
  • Integration of structural and biochemical data to infer the functional mechanism.

Main Results:

  • A ring-shaped helicase was observed to trap a single strand of DNA.
  • The structural data revealed the specific interactions between the helicase and the DNA strand.
  • Biochemical data confirmed the enzyme's ability to bind and transition to unwinding the DNA.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a novel mechanism for how ring-shaped helicases initially engage and trap single DNA strands.
  • This trapping mechanism is a critical prerequisite for subsequent DNA unwinding.
  • The findings provide a molecular basis for understanding helicase function in DNA metabolism.