Hyperkalemia: recognition and management of a critical electrolyte disturbance

Electrolytes, in the right balance, are essential for regulating body functions and maintaining health. Even small deviations from normal electrolyte concentrations may cause significant problems. Hyperkalemia is acknowledged as one of the most dangerous electrolyte abnormalities. Symptoms are nonspecific and predominantly related to cardiac or neuromuscular dysfunction, with potentially life-threatening consequences. Immediate and decisive treatment is necessary to lower the serum potassium level and to prevent a recurrence. This article reviews the pathophysiologic causes of hyperkalemia and discusses the manifestations, diagnostic tests, and various treatment options available to manage this electrolyte abnormality.