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Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

2.0K
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

1.8K
Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation
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Occupational color vision standards: new prospects.

Jennifer Birch, Marisa Rodríguez-Carmona

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
    |April 4, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Occupational color vision standards are evolving due to workplace laws and accidents. New methods, like the Color Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test for pilots, allow color vision deficient individuals to work safely.

    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Occupational Health
    • Transportation Safety

    Background:

    • Occupational color vision standards in transportation have existed for a century.
    • Recent reviews were prompted by anti-discrimination laws and transport accidents.
    • Traditional standards may exclude individuals with safe color vision capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review existing occupational color vision standards.
    • To evaluate new assessment methodologies for transport personnel.
    • To propose adaptable standards for various work environments.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of historical and current occupational color vision standards.
    • Analysis of new lantern technologies used by Australian and Canadian Railways.

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    Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
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  • Evaluation of the Color Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test adoption by the UK Civil Aviation Authority.
  • Assessment of CAD test methodology for pilot training suitability.

    • Main Results:

    • The Color Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) test is adopted by the UK Civil Aviation Authority for professional flight crews.
    • The CAD test methodology permits the acceptance of color-deficient pilot applicants who can perform safety-critical tasks accurately.
    • New lanterns have been developed for Australian and Canadian Railways.

    Conclusions:

    • The CAD test methodology offers a more inclusive approach to assessing color vision for professional roles.
    • This methodology can be extended to establish new color vision standards in other safety-critical occupations.
    • Modern color vision testing balances occupational requirements with anti-discrimination principles.