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Related Concept Videos

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Related Experiment Video

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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
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What is new in HIV infection?

Kevin Sherin1, Benjamin G Klekamp2, Jeffery Beal3

  • 1Florida State University College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA.

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Routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening is recommended for all adults, with new testing and prevention strategies like pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) significantly impacting HIV care. Treatment as prevention, utilizing combination antiretroviral therapy, is key to reducing viral loads and community transmission.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Updated guidelines recommend routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening for individuals aged 15-65, irrespective of risk factors.
  • Fourth-generation HIV testing is now standard, improving the detection of acute infections and replacing older methods like the Western blot.
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved an in-home HIV test, though concerns regarding sensitivity and counseling exist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements and shifts in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and treatment strategies.
  • To highlight the evolving landscape of HIV screening, testing technologies, and prophylactic interventions.
  • To underscore the significance of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in both treatment and prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical recommendations and guidelines from authoritative bodies.
  • Analysis of emerging diagnostic technologies, including fourth-generation assays and home-testing kits.
  • Evaluation of evidence supporting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV prevention and treatment.

Main Results:

  • Routine HIV screening is now broadly recommended, with fourth-generation tests enhancing early detection.
  • Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) shows efficacy in high-risk groups but requires strict adherence and addresses misconceptions.
  • Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is effective for treatment at any CD4 count and as a prevention strategy, lowering community viral loads.

Conclusions:

  • A paradigm shift in HIV management emphasizes 'treatment is prevention,' with cART playing a central role.
  • Early initiation of cART, guided by resistance testing, is crucial for all patients upon entering care.
  • Special considerations are necessary for initiating cART in patients with specific opportunistic infections like tuberculosis and cryptococcal meningitis.