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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current01:14

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
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Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

Applications Of NMR In Biology

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
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In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
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A magnetic gradient induced force in NMR restricted diffusion experiments.

Bahman Ghadirian1, Tim Stait-Gardner1, Reynaldo Castillo1

  • 1Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|April 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We predict a small force on boundaries due to magnetic field gradients in diffusing particles. This force, arising from magnetisation energy, can be attractive or repulsive, with applications in soft matter.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool for probing molecular motion.
  • Diffusing particles in confined geometries exhibit unique behaviors.
  • Magnetic field gradients are crucial in NMR techniques like pulsed field gradient spin-echo (PFGSE).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To predict and analyze a novel force arising from magnetic field gradients acting on diffusing particles.
  • To investigate the distance-dependent magnetisation energy in confined systems.
  • To explore the potential applications of this phenomenon in soft matter.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical prediction based on classical electrodynamics.
  • Analysis of magnetisation energy in a pore under pulsed magnetic field gradients.
  • Detailed study of a pulsed gradient spin-echo experiment on parallel planes.

Main Results:

  • Phase cancellation of precessing magnetisation leads to a small force on micrometre scales.
  • Magnetisation energy is distance-dependent, inducing a boundary force.
  • The force can be attractive or repulsive, depending on pore geometry and material properties.
  • Force exhibits exponential decay with spin-spin relaxation.

Conclusions:

  • A new magnetisation-driven force in confined systems is theoretically demonstrated.
  • This force is tunable by geometry and material properties.
  • Potential applications exist for manipulating soft matter systems using NMR techniques.