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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

14.6K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Cell differentiation along multiple pathways accompanied by changes in histone acetylation status.

Soňa Legartová1, Stanislav Kozubek, Michal Franek

  • 1a Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.

Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire
|April 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Histone acetylation patterns change during cell differentiation. Mouse stem cells show increased acetylation, while human stem cells exhibit reduced acetylation, impacting nuclear processes and cellular events.

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Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Purification of H3 and H4 Histone Proteins and the Quantification of Acetylated Histone Marks in Cells and Brain Tissue
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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Differentiation

Background:

  • Post-translational modification of histones, particularly acetylation, is crucial for regulating gene expression and cellular processes.
  • Histone modifications play a key role in cell differentiation, a fundamental process in development and tissue homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in histone acetylation (H2A, H2B, H4) during induced differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs).
  • To analyze histone acetylation during in vitro enterocytic differentiation of colon cancer cells.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of acetylated histone forms (H2A, H2B, H4) using techniques not explicitly stated but implied by the results.
  • Induction of differentiation in mESCs using retinoic acid.
  • Induction of enterocytic differentiation using a histone deacetylase inhibitor (sodium butyrate).

Main Results:

  • Induced differentiation in mESCs and HDAC inhibitor-induced enterocytic differentiation showed increased acetylation of H2B and H4.
  • Enterocytic differentiation also involved increased H2A mono-acetylation and H4 tetra-acetylation.
  • Human ESC differentiation was associated with increased H2B mono-acetylation, decreased H2B tri-acetylation, and reduced overall H4 acetylation.

Conclusions:

  • Histone acetylation dynamics differ significantly between mouse and human embryonic stem cell differentiation.
  • Specific histone acetylation patterns are linked to distinct differentiation pathways, including endodermal and enterocytic lineages.
  • Understanding these epigenetic changes provides insights into regulating cellular differentiation and potential therapeutic targets.