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Related Concept Videos

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the...
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects
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Visual-somatosensory integration in aging: does stimulus location really matter?

Jeannette R Mahoney1, Cuiling Wang1, Kristina Dumas2

  • 1The Department of Neurology,Division of Cognitive & Motor Aging,Albert Einstein College of Medicine,Bronx,New York.

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Summary

Older adults show faster reaction times (RTs) with combined visual-somatosensory stimuli. This multisensory integration benefit occurs regardless of whether stimuli are presented in the same or different visual fields.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Human Perception

Background:

  • Multisensory integration (MSI) efficiently processes simultaneous stimuli across senses.
  • Research on MSI in aging is limited, particularly regarding spatial stimulus presentation.
  • Previous work suggests older adults benefit most from simultaneous visual-somatosensory (VS) stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reaction time (RT) benefits of VS multisensory integration in older adults.
  • To examine how stimulus location (within vs. across hemifields) affects VS MSI in aging.
  • To determine if spatial arrangement influences the RT benefits observed in older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Eighteen healthy older adults (mean age 74) participated.
  • Participants responded to unisensory and multisensory stimuli (visual, somatosensory, VS) in various spatial configurations.
  • Speeded foot-pedal responses were recorded, and RTs were analyzed using linear mixed effects models.

Main Results:

  • RTs to all VS multisensory stimuli were significantly faster than to individual unisensory stimuli (p < 0.01).
  • This multisensory reaction time benefit was observed for stimuli presented both within and across spatial hemifields.
  • No significant differences in race model violation were found based on unisensory spatial location (p = 0.41).

Conclusions:

  • Older adults exhibit significant visual-somatosensory multisensory integration effects.
  • These integration benefits are robust and occur irrespective of whether stimuli are spatially congruent or incongruent.
  • The findings contribute to understanding sensory processing changes in aging.