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Effects of diffusion on high-resolution quantitative T2 MRI.

Wendy Oakden1, Greg J Stanisz

  • 1Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

NMR in Biomedicine
|April 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Diffusion significantly impacts quantitative T2 (qT2) measurements, causing underestimation, especially at high resolutions. Optimized sequence parameters and voxel dimensions are crucial for accurate T2 imaging and myelin water fraction analysis.

Keywords:
CPMGDiffusionMyelinQuantitative T2Relaxometry < Endogenous Contrast Methods < Methods and EngineeringWhite Matter

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequences are widely used for quantitative T2 (qT2) imaging.
  • These sequences are often assumed to be diffusion-insensitive, but imaging gradients introduce diffusion weighting.
  • Increased resolution amplifies diffusion effects, potentially leading to T2 underestimation in qT2 measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of diffusion on quantitative T2 (qT2) imaging sequences.
  • To develop a theoretical framework relating diffusion effects to T2 underestimation.
  • To provide recommendations for optimizing qT2 acquisition parameters and interpreting results.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an equation to quantify the diffusion factor (bqT2) and its relation to T2 underestimation.
  • Experimentally validated findings in rat spinal cord and MnCl2 phantoms.
  • Theoretically and experimentally analyzed the effect of resolution on T2 underestimation for different readouts.

Main Results:

  • T2 underestimation is dependent on actual T2 values and the apparent diffusion coefficient.
  • Diffusion effects on measured T2 were observed to be anisotropic in white matter and isotropic in gray matter.
  • A fully refocused readout improved resolution for neglecting diffusion effects.
  • Minimum in-plane voxel dimensions of 0.2 mm (standard) and 0.1 mm (refocused) are suggested to avoid CSF misidentification.

Conclusions:

  • Diffusion weighting in qT2 sequences necessitates careful consideration, particularly at high resolutions.
  • Optimized sequence design, including refocused readouts and appropriate voxel dimensions, can mitigate diffusion-induced errors.
  • Accurate T2 measurements are critical for applications like myelin water fraction imaging, requiring attention to diffusion effects and SNR.