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Related Concept Videos

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Endocytosis01:16

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Eukaryotic cells acquire nutrients for growth and proliferation. Nutrients and other molecules that require degradation are internalized from the extracellular space by a process called endocytosis. The term ‘endocytosis' was first coined by Christian de Duve in 1963.
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Phagocytosis00:41

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Analyzing Cellular Internalization of Nanoparticles and Bacteria by Multi-spectral Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Endocytic capsule sensors for probing cellular internalization.

Kang Liang1, Sylvia T Gunawan, Joseph J Richardson

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|April 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New polymer capsules with a pH-sensitive fluorescence switch enable tracking of their internalization into cells. This technology allows for high-throughput quantification of nano-bio interactions at the cellular level.

Keywords:
cell uptakeinternalizationlayer-by-layernanotechnologypolymer capsulessensors

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cellular Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Understanding nano-bio interactions is crucial for developing targeted drug delivery and diagnostic tools.
  • Quantifying the uptake of nanomaterials by cells is essential for assessing their efficacy and safety.
  • Existing methods for tracking nanomaterial internalization can be complex and lack high-throughput capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel class of polymer capsules with an integrated, endocytic pH-coupled fluorescence switch.
  • To demonstrate the reversible "on/off" fluorescence response of these capsules to cellular pH changes.
  • To enable high-throughput quantification of surface-bound versus internalized capsules for studying nano-bio interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of polymer capsules functionalized with a pH-sensitive fluorescence reporter.
  • Incubation of capsules with cells under varying pH conditions.
  • Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry for fluorescence signal detection and quantification.
  • Development of a high-throughput assay for distinguishing surface-bound and internalized capsules.

Main Results:

  • The developed polymer capsules exhibit reversible fluorescence switching in response to endocytic pH variations.
  • Successful demonstration of high-throughput quantification differentiating between surface-bound and internalized capsules.
  • The system provides a sensitive and quantitative method for studying nano-bio interactions at the cellular level.

Conclusions:

  • A new class of smart polymer capsules with built-in pH-coupled fluorescence switching has been engineered.
  • This system offers a powerful tool for fundamental studies of nano-bio interactions.
  • The technology facilitates high-throughput cellular uptake quantification, advancing nanomedicine research.