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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
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In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells

Published on: January 20, 2019

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Tracking plasma cell differentiation and survival.

Katrin Roth1, Laura Oehme, Sandra Zehentmeier

  • 1Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.

Cytometry. Part a : the Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology
|April 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plasma cells are key antibody producers in the immune response. This review covers their differentiation, migration, and the bone marrow survival niches that maintain long-lived plasma cells.

Keywords:
antibodiesbone marrowimmunological memoryplasma cellssecondary lymphoid organs

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Plasma cells are essential for humoral immunity, producing antibodies.
  • Their differentiation involves complex transcriptional networks within lymphoid organs.
  • Two types exist: short-lived plasma cells and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review factors controlling plasma cell differentiation and localization.
  • To provide an overview of long-lived plasma cell maintenance in bone marrow survival niches.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current knowledge on plasma cell biology.
  • Analysis of factors influencing plasma cell differentiation, migration, and survival.

Main Results:

  • Plasma cell differentiation is regulated by transcriptional networks.
  • Short-lived plasma cells are found in lymphoid organs; long-lived cells migrate to the bone marrow.
  • Bone marrow survival niches, supported by stromal cells (e.g., CXCL12) and hematopoietic cells, maintain long-lived plasma cells.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding plasma cell dynamics is crucial for immune response knowledge.
  • Bone marrow niches are vital for sustaining long-term antibody production.
  • Further research into these niches can inform therapeutic strategies.