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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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Endosome maturation, transport and functions.

Cameron C Scott1, Fabrizio Vacca1, Jean Gruenberg1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Switzerland.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
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PubMed
Summary

The endocytic pathway efficiently sorts internalized materials via early and late endosomes, crucial for cellular functions and signaling. This review details endosome organization, maturation, and inter-species variations.

Keywords:
DegradationDownregulationIntralumenal vesiclesMembrane deformationNutrient sensingSignalingSorting

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Endocytosis is a major cellular trafficking pathway in mammalian cells.
  • The early and late endosome are key sorting stations for internalized materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of the endocytic pathway's organization and functions.
  • To highlight differences across species and the process of endosome maturation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on the endocytic pathway.

Main Results:

  • The early endosome acts as an initial sorting nexus, routing materials for recycling, retrograde transport, or progression to late endosomes.
  • Late endosomes serve as a central hub for multiple cellular pathways and function in nutrient sensing.
  • Endosome maturation involves the formation of intralumenal vesicles and transport to late endosomes.

Conclusions:

  • The endocytic pathway is essential for cellular functions, including signaling and nutrient sensing.
  • Understanding endosome organization and maturation is critical for comprehending cellular trafficking.