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Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are primarily found in marine environments, though some species inhabit freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, with some multicellular varieties reaching macroscopic sizes.As phototrophic organisms, red algae contain chlorophyll a; however, their chloroplasts lack chlorophyll b. Instead, they possess phycobiliproteins, which serve as major light-harvesting pigments, similar to those found in...
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The kingdom Archaeplastida encompasses red and green algae, along with land plants. Unlike other protists with chloroplasts that arose through secondary endosymbiosis, only red and green algae originated from primary endosymbiotic events. This diverse group of eukaryotic organisms contains chlorophyll and performs oxygenic photosynthesis.Algae exist in various forms, from large brown kelp in coastal waters to green scum in puddles and stains on rocks or soil. Some species are responsible for...
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Rhizaria are a diverse group of unicellular protists characterized by their threadlike cytoplasmic extensions known as pseudopodia. These structures aid in both locomotion and feeding, giving Rhizaria an amoeboid appearance. Their amoeboid morphology once led to taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has clarified their evolutionary placement and emphasized their shared use of pseudopodia despite divergent lineages.This clade comprises diverse lineages such as Chlorarachniophyta,...
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Establishment of a Clonal Culture of Unicellular Conjugating Algae
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Polyploidy of endosymbiotically derived genomes in complex algae.

Yoshihisa Hirakawa1, Ken-Ichiro Ishida

  • 1Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

Genome Biology and Evolution
|April 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Genomic copy numbers in Bigelowiella natans and Guillardia theta were determined. Nucleomorph genomes in these algae show increased copy numbers, suggesting polyploidization is common in reduced endosymbiont genomes.

Keywords:
chlorarachniophytecryptophyteendosymbiosisnucleomorphplastid

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Area of Science:

  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Evolutionary Biology
  • * Phycology

Background:

  • * Chlorarachniophyte and cryptophyte algae possess complex plastids derived from secondary endosymbiosis, resulting in four genomes per cell: nuclear, nucleomorph, plastid, and mitochondrial.
  • * Recent sequencing of nuclear genomes for Bigelowiella natans and Guillardia theta provides a comprehensive genomic resource.
  • * The copy number of these distinct genomes has not been previously characterized, hindering evolutionary studies.

Discussion:

  • * Real-time quantitative PCR was employed to ascertain genomic copy numbers in B. natans and G. theta.
  • * Nuclear genomes were found to be haploid in both species.
  • * Nucleomorph genomes exhibited diploid and tetraploid copy numbers, respectively.

Key Insights:

  • * Mitochondria and plastids contain substantial quantities of genomic DNA per cell.
  • * Endosymbiont nuclear genomes in secondary endosymbioses are highly reduced in size and gene content.
  • * Increased chromosomal copy number in reduced genomes parallels observations in bacterial endosymbionts.

Outlook:

  • * Polyploidization appears to be a common feature of highly reduced genomes across diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic endosymbionts.
  • * Further research into genome copy number dynamics will illuminate evolutionary trajectories of endosymbiosis.
  • * Comparative analyses of genome copy numbers can reveal conserved mechanisms of genome reduction and adaptation.