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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
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In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

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tTregs, pTregs, and iTregs: similarities and differences.

Ethan M Shevach1, Angela M Thornton

  • 1Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|April 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have distinct suppressive functions. Thymus-derived Tregs (tTregs) limit T-cell migration, while induced Tregs (iTregs) prevent T-cell priming via dendritic cell modulation.

Keywords:
HeliosIL-10Treg cellsinfectious toleranceorgan-specific autoimmunitystability

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular and Molecular Immunology

Background:

  • Foxp3(+) T-regulatory cells (Tregs) are crucial for immune homeostasis.
  • Tregs can be generated in the thymus (tTreg), periphery (pTreg), or induced in vitro (iTreg).
  • Understanding the distinct in vivo functions of Treg subsets remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct in vivo suppressive mechanisms of different Treg populations.
  • To elucidate the role of IL-10 in iTreg function.
  • To identify markers for differentiating Treg subsets.

Main Methods:

  • Development of novel in vivo systems to evaluate Treg function in normal mice.
  • Analysis of Treg-induced modulation of T-effector cell trafficking.
  • Assessment of Treg-mediated effects on antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs).
  • Evaluation of Helios as a marker for thymic Tregs.

Main Results:

  • Polyclonal tTregs inhibit T-effector cell trafficking to target organs.
  • Antigen-specific iTregs prevent T-cell priming by acting on dendritic cells.
  • IL-10 is essential for iTreg suppressive function, regulating DC markers MARCH1 and CD83.
  • Activated tTregs can induce peripheral Tregs (pTregs) through TGFβ delivery.
  • Helios expression identifies stable tTregs in mice and humans.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct Treg subsets employ unique mechanisms to maintain immune tolerance.
  • Targeting Treg function requires differentiating between tTregs, pTregs, and iTregs.
  • Helios is a reliable marker for identifying thymic-derived Tregs.