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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute...
5.1K
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

1.2K
The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
1.2K
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

1.3K
Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
1.3K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

1.1K
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
1.1K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

1.7K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
1.7K

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Study of Protein Dynamics via Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy
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Nuclear spin circular dichroism.

Juha Vaara1, Antonio Rizzo2, Joanna Kauczor3

  • 1NMR Research Group, Department of Physics, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|April 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed nuclear spin-induced circular dichroism (NSCD) and optical rotation (NSOR) for molecules. This novel magneto-optic spectroscopy method uses nuclear magnetization, enabling chemical resolution of non-equivalent nuclei.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Molecular Physics

Background:

  • Growing interest in magneto-optic spectroscopy using nuclear magnetization.
  • Need for advanced techniques to probe molecular electronic structure and nuclear environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Formulate and demonstrate nuclear spin-induced circular dichroism (NSCD) and optical rotation (NSOR) in molecules.
  • Explore the potential of NSCD and NSOR for chemical resolution of nuclei.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical formulation of NSCD and NSOR using complex polarization propagator framework.
  • Quantum chemical calculations (Hartree-Fock, DFT) on model systems (ethene, benzene, 1,4-benzoquinone).
  • Analysis of proton and carbon-13 signals in ethanol.

Main Results:

  • Successful formulation of NSCD and NSOR signals near optical excitations.
  • Demonstrated feasibility of obtaining strong nuclear spin-induced signals in model molecules.
  • Observed chemical resolution between non-equivalent protons and carbon-13 nuclei in ethanol.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear spin-induced CD and optical rotation are viable spectroscopic techniques.
  • These methods offer a powerful tool for distinguishing between chemically distinct nuclei.
  • Potential for advancing magneto-optic spectroscopy and molecular analysis.