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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

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Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
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Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

98
Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
98
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents01:18

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents

602
Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
602
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

144
Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
144
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

927
5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
15:16

Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR

Published on: July 22, 2012

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Vaccine against norovirus.

Ming Tan1, Xi Jiang1

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, OH USA; Department of Pediatrics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati, OH USA.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|April 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Norovirus vaccines are being developed using virus-like particles (VLPs) and P domains. These approaches offer potential low-cost, stable, and immunogenic vaccine candidates against norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis.

Keywords:
P particleVLP vaccinecalicivirusnorovirusvaccine platform

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Vaccinology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis globally.
  • Cultivating NoVs in vitro is not currently possible, necessitating alternative vaccine development strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current strategies for norovirus vaccine development, focusing on virus-like particles (VLPs) and subviral particles.
  • To discuss the potential of P domain complexes as vaccine platforms and the challenges in norovirus vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on norovirus vaccine research.
  • Analysis of bioengineering technologies for producing virus-like particles (VLPs) and subviral particles.
  • Discussion of challenges including genetic diversity, immunology, and animal models.

Main Results:

  • Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a primary focus, with one VLP vaccine candidate in phase II clinical trials.
  • Subviral complexes from NoV P domains show promise as stable, immunogenic, and easily produced vaccine candidates.
  • P domain complexes can serve as platforms for dual vaccines presenting foreign antigens.

Conclusions:

  • Current norovirus vaccine development relies on bioengineered subunit vaccines like VLPs and P domain complexes.
  • Challenges such as genetic diversity, limited immunological understanding, and lack of animal models need to be addressed for effective norovirus vaccine assessment and deployment.