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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Updated: May 1, 2026

Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
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Phases of reprogramming.

Laurent David1, Jose M Polo2

  • 1INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, France; iPSC Facility, SFR F. Bonamy, Université de Nantes, France.

Stem Cell Research
|April 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic cell reprogramming, once random, is now understood to involve defined, sequential cellular and molecular events. This review integrates studies on the mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Molecular biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Somatic cell reprogramming has advanced significantly.
  • The underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood.
  • Early views considered reprogramming a random process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key cellular and molecular events in reprogramming.
  • To provide an integrated view of reprogramming mechanisms.
  • To highlight the defined nature of the reprogramming process.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of somatic cell reprogramming studies.
  • Analysis of cellular events during reprogramming.
  • Integration of molecular findings related to nuclear reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Reprogramming involves key sequential cellular events.
  • Molecular mechanisms are increasingly defined and controlled.
  • The process is not entirely random as previously thought.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding of somatic cell reprogramming mechanisms is emerging.
  • Key sequential events characterize the reprogramming process.
  • Reprogramming is a more controlled and predictable process than previously assumed.