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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

44
Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
44
Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

55
A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
55
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

54
An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
54
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

30
A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
30
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

20
A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
20
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

18
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
18

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Assessing Ischemic Stroke Damage Through Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model
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Author Spotlight: Assessing Ischemic Stroke Damage Through Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model

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Ischemic stroke subtype classification: an asian viewpoint.

Bum Joon Kim1, Jong S Kim1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Stroke
|April 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stroke classification needs improvement, especially for Asian populations where intracranial atherosclerosis is common. Current systems misclassify strokes caused by small plaques or specific arterial conditions, hindering effective treatment and prognosis.

Keywords:
AsiaIntracranial atherosclerosisStroke classification

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Stroke etiology varies significantly by race and ethnicity.
  • Intracranial atherosclerosis is more prevalent in Asian populations, often presenting differently than in Western populations.
  • Existing stroke classification systems struggle to categorize strokes related to mild intracranial atherosclerosis and specific small-vessel pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the limitations of current ischemic stroke classification systems.
  • To emphasize the need for improved classification that incorporates ethnic-specific stroke mechanisms, particularly intracranial atherosclerosis.
  • To address the underclassification of strokes caused by small plaques and specific arterial lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on stroke classification and etiology.
  • Analysis of findings from high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging studies.
  • Comparison of stroke mechanisms prevalent in Western versus Asian populations.

Main Results:

  • Intracranial atherosclerosis and small-vessel occlusion are more common causes of stroke in Asians.
  • Mild intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (<50%) can cause branch-artery occlusion and distal embolization.
  • High-resolution MRI reveals small plaques causing infarction, previously unclassifiable under large-artery atherosclerosis.
  • Single subcortical infarctions can stem from microatheroma or atherothrombotic lesions, not just lipohyalinosis.

Conclusions:

  • Current ischemic stroke classification systems are inadequate for accurately categorizing strokes, especially in Asian populations with high rates of intracranial atherosclerosis.
  • Further development of classification systems is crucial to reflect underlying pathological mechanisms, including those related to intracranial atherosclerosis and specific causes of single subcortical infarction.
  • Accurate classification is essential for optimizing stroke treatment and prognosis.