Differences in response to a dietary intervention between the general population and first-degree relatives of...

To determine whether response to a dietary intervention is greater among people with family history of colorectal cancer (CRC) compared with a general population.

Cohort study examining participants from 2 related studies.

Rural Virginia.

Seventy people with first-degree relatives with CRC and 113 participants from the intervention arm of a trial in the general population.

Both studies implemented a low-intensity intervention delivered via telephone and mail, including low-literacy self-help booklets and personalized dietary feedback.

Fat, fiber, and fruit and vegetable behavior.

Propensity score matching controlled for confounders. Mixed-model ANOVAs compared samples; mediation by perceived cancer risk was assessed.

Participants in both groups significantly improved fat, fiber, and fruit and vegetable behavior at 1-month follow-up; there was significantly greater improvement in the general population sample. Cancer risk perception did not mediate the relationship between study sample and dietary change.

Contrary to expectations, first-degree relatives of CRC patients did not respond better to a dietary intervention than the general population, nor was risk perception related to dietary change. Given the role of diet in CRC risk, additional research should investigate targeted strategies to improve dietary intakes of people at higher cancer risk.