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Related Concept Videos

Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Angular momentum characterizes an object's rotational motion and is defined as the moment of its linear momentum about a specified point O. When a particle moves along a curved path in the x-y plane, the scalar formulation calculates the magnitude of its angular momentum, utilizing the moment arm (d), representing the perpendicular distance from point O to the line of action of the linear momentum. Despite being scalar in formulation, angular momentum is inherently a vector quantity. Its...
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cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Insights into the Analysis of Human Interaction with 3D Virtual Objects
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[Action].

Masato Taira1

  • 1Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|April 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are uncovering brain mechanisms for decision-making and action selection, primarily involving the frontal lobe. However, the neural basis of movement timing remains a future challenge.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Motor Control

Context:

  • Decision-making processes and action selection are increasingly understood, with a focus on frontal lobe involvement.
  • The fundamental neural control of movement execution, particularly temporal aspects, remains largely unexplored.
  • Higher-order motor areas are recognized as crucial for orchestrating complex movements.

Purpose:

  • To review current understanding of neural mechanisms in decision-making and action selection.
  • To highlight the significant gap in knowledge regarding the neural basis of movement timing.
  • To identify future research directions in understanding motor control.

Summary:

  • Recent advances illuminate neural pathways for decision-making and action selection, implicating the frontal lobe.

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  • Despite progress, the core neural mechanisms governing the precise timing of movements are yet to be elucidated.
  • Understanding the temporal control of muscle contractions by higher-order motor areas presents a significant future research challenge.

    • Impact:

    • Provides a concise overview of the current state of research on neural control of action and movement.
    • Identifies critical knowledge gaps in motor neuroscience, particularly concerning movement timing.
    • Sets the stage for future investigations into the neural underpinnings of complex motor behaviors.