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Related Concept Videos

Surface Active Agents01:27

Surface Active Agents

158
Surfactants, named for their behavior at interfaces, positively adsorb at the interfaces of two phases, reducing interfacial tension. Their versatility as emulsifiers, detergents, and foaming agents stems from this ability. Surfactants, often termed amphiphiles, share the property of amphipathy, with molecules having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. The hydrophilic part is called the head, and the hydrophobic part, including an elongated alkyl substituent, forms the tail.Surfactants...
158
Detergent Purification of Membrane Proteins01:18

Detergent Purification of Membrane Proteins

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Detergents are used to purify the integral proteins of the membrane. The hydrophobic portion of the detergent can replace membrane phospholipids while solubilizing the membrane proteins. When detergent monomers reach a specific concentration in a solution called critical micelle concentration (CMC), they form micelles. Above CMC, the concentration of the detergent monomers remains in equilibrium with the micelle. The number of detergent monomers present in the CMC varies for each detergent, and...
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Micelles01:30

Micelles

364
Micelle formation is an intricate process that hinges on the properties of amphiphilic or amphipathic molecules and the conditions of the system in which they are found. Amphiphilic molecules, which have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts, play a critical role in this process.In aqueous environments, these molecules arrange themselves such that their hydrophilic heads are turned towards the water phase, while their hydrophobic tails are oriented away...
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Solubility03:00

Solubility

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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification
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Zwitteration: coating surfaces with zwitterionic functionality to reduce nonspecific adsorption.

Joseph B Schlenoff1

  • 1Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|April 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Zwitterionic coatings effectively prevent unwanted material from sticking to surfaces. This review explores methods and mechanisms for creating these advanced antifouling surfaces.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Nonspecific adsorption at solid/liquid interfaces poses challenges in various applications.
  • Zwitterionic materials offer a promising solution for creating non-fouling surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review diverse strategies for applying zwitterionic coatings.
  • To critically examine the mechanisms behind the antifouling properties of zwitterions.

Main Methods:

  • Survey of techniques for zwitteration, including monolayer assemblies and polymeric brush coatings.
  • Analysis of scientific literature on antifouling mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Zwitterionic coatings, from thin films to thick layers, significantly reduce or eliminate adsorption.
  • Various surface modification approaches are effective on different scales.

Conclusions:

  • Zwitterions are highly effective due to their inherent properties for antifouling applications.
  • Understanding the mechanisms enhances the design of advanced non-fouling surfaces.