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Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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Longitudinal changes in cortical thickness in autism and typical development.

Brandon A Zielinski1, Molly B D Prigge2, Jared A Nielsen3

  • 11 Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA2 Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA3 Primary Children's Medical Centre, Salt Lake City, UT, USA brandon.zielinski@hsc.utah.edu.

Brain : a Journal of Neurology
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Summary

Brain development in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) shows distinct phases of cortical thickness changes. These abnormalities are region-specific and dynamic throughout development into adulthood.

Keywords:
MRIautismbrain developmentdevelopmental neuroimaginghuman brain mapping

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Autism Research

Background:

  • The natural history of brain growth in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is not well understood.
  • Previous studies show regional brain volume and cortical thickness abnormalities in ASD, but with inconsistencies.
  • Limited longitudinal data exists on cortical thickness development in ASD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate longitudinal changes in cortical thickness in a large sample of individuals with ASD.
  • To identify age-related trajectories of cortical development in ASD compared to typically developing controls.
  • To determine if group differences in cortical thickness vary by developmental stage and IQ.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 97 males with ASD and 60 typically developing males.
  • Employed FreeSurfer software for cortical parcellation and thickness calculation across 34 regions per hemisphere.
  • Applied longitudinal linear mixed effects models to analyze age-related trajectories and group differences.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant differences in cortical thickness between groups in various frontal regions.
  • Group differences in cortical thickness were found to be dependent on developmental stage and influenced by IQ.
  • Identified distinct age-related trajectories in cortical thickness across multiple bilateral parietal, occipital, and frontal regions.

Conclusions:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibits a three-phase pattern of abnormal cortical development: early expansion, later thinning, and decelerated thinning in adulthood.
  • Cortical thickness abnormalities in ASD are region-specific, age-dependent, and remain dynamic into adulthood.
  • These findings provide crucial insights into the neurodevelopmental trajectory of autism spectrum disorder.