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Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
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Compensation Mechanisms01:28

Compensation Mechanisms

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The human body employs intricate mechanisms to counteract changes in blood pH, preventing conditions like acidosis (pH < 7.35) and alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These compensatory responses aim to restore normal arterial blood pH by engaging respiratory or renal systems, depending on the source of the imbalance.
Respiratory Compensation
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Acid-Base Balance01:25

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The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

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DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic...
30
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

30
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
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Approach to metabolic alkalosis.

Jennifer T Soifer1, Hyung T Kim1

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|April 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metabolic alkalosis, a frequent hospital disorder, arises from increased bicarbonate or hydrogen ion loss. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause of this acid-base imbalance.

Keywords:
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndromeChloride depletionMetabolic alkalosisMineralocorticoid excess syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Acid-Base Physiology

Background:

  • Metabolic alkalosis is a prevalent acid-base disturbance in hospitalized patients.
  • It represents a significant portion of all acid-base disorders encountered in clinical settings.
  • Understanding its pathophysiology is crucial for effective patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the common causes and classification of metabolic alkalosis.
  • To outline the diagnostic approach to metabolic alkalosis.
  • To discuss the principles of treatment for metabolic alkalosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of metabolic alkalosis.
  • Classification of metabolic alkalosis into etiological categories.
  • Summary of current treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic alkalosis results from increased bicarbonate production, decreased excretion, or hydrogen ion loss.
  • Major causes include chloride depletion, mineralocorticoid excess, apparent mineralocorticoid excess, and excess alkali administration.
  • Treatment is primarily supportive and guided by the specific etiology.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic alkalosis is a common and complex acid-base disorder.
  • Categorization of causes aids in diagnosis and management.
  • Tailored treatment based on the underlying cause is essential for resolution.