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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

176.6K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

5.7K
Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport

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Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited  but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

1.7K
The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Microscale Vortex-assisted Electroporator for Sequential Molecular Delivery
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Microscale Vortex-assisted Electroporator for Sequential Molecular Delivery

Published on: August 7, 2014

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Multi-ion diffusiophoresis.

Tso-Yi Chiang1, Darrell Velegol1

  • 1The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Chemical Engineering, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|April 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffusiophoresis, the movement of charged particles in salt gradients, is now modeled for complex multi-ion solutions. This research addresses limitations in current models for systems like dissolving calcium carbonate, enabling better understanding of fluid motion.

Keywords:
DiffusiophoresisElectroneutralityMulti-ion diffusiophoresis

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Colloid Science

Background:

  • Diffusiophoresis describes charged particle movement in salt gradients.
  • Existing models are limited to simple, symmetric electrolytes and steady states.
  • Dissolving calcium carbonate (CaCO3) creates a complex three-ion system (Ca2+, HCO3-, OH-) not covered by current models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive a new analytical expression for diffusioosmotic flow in multi-ion gradients.
  • To numerically solve time-dependent concentration profiles for a three-ion system.
  • To quantitatively assess the electroneutrality assumption in complex ionic environments.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of analytical expressions for diffusioosmotic flow.
  • Numerical solution of time-dependent ion concentration profiles.
  • Quantitative examination of the electroneutrality approximation.

Main Results:

  • A new expression for diffusioosmotic flow in multi-ion gradients was derived.
  • Numerical simulations revealed a non-monotonic concentration profile for bicarbonate (HCO3-).
  • Electroneutrality was confirmed as a valid approximation even in this multi-ion system.

Conclusions:

  • The derived model extends diffusiophoresis theory to complex, multi-ion systems.
  • Understanding these complex flows is crucial for applications involving dissolving minerals like CaCO3.
  • The study validates the use of derived electric fields in multi-ion diffusiophoresis.