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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Crystallographic Point Groups01:29

Crystallographic Point Groups

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Crystallographic point groups represent the various symmetry operations that can occur within crystals. They are unique in that at least one point will always remain unchanged during these actions. For instance, consider the triclinic system. This system, devoid of any axis or plane of symmetry, aligns with the C1 and Ci point groups.where Cᵢ is characterized solely by a center of inversion.Contrastingly, the monoclinic system introduces an element of symmetry. This system with one plane...
126
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

143
Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

150
A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
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On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

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Crystallography beyond the Bragg peaks.

Thomas Weber1

  • 1ETH Zürich, Laboratorium für Kristallographie, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland. thomas.weber@mat.ethz.ch.

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|May 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffuse scattering analysis, using advanced X-ray tools and modeling, now quantitatively reveals real crystal structures beyond traditional methods. This technique offers deeper insights into disordered materials, advancing materials science research.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Conventional structure analysis using Bragg reflections has limitations in characterizing disordered crystals.
  • Diffuse scattering contains crucial information about the real structure of these materials.
  • Historically, diffuse scattering research was largely qualitative.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the historical development of diffuse scattering.
  • To present the current state-of-the-art in diffuse scattering research.
  • To outline future perspectives for diffuse scattering applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of advancements in X-ray instrumentation over the last twenty years.
  • Application of computer-aided modeling techniques for data analysis.
  • Presentation of cutting-edge diffuse scattering experiments.

Main Results:

  • Diffuse scattering research has transitioned from a qualitative to a quantitative discipline.
  • Modern techniques enable precise characterization of real crystal structures.
  • Progress is driven by enhanced X-ray sources and sophisticated modeling.

Conclusions:

  • Diffuse scattering is a powerful quantitative tool for understanding disordered materials.
  • Advancements in instrumentation and modeling have revolutionized the field.
  • Future research will further leverage diffuse scattering for materials discovery and characterization.