State of the science: diabetes self-management interventions led by nurse principal investigators

Over the past decade, diabetes self-management (DSM) interventions have become increasingly heterogeneous to address the needs of diverse populations. The purpose of this integrative review is to summarize the state of the science regarding DSM interventions led by nurse principal investigators. The Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework informed identification, selection, and appraisal of the literature. A total of 44 national and international studies (RCTs [randomized controlled trial] and quasi-experimental studies) were identified for inclusion. Across national studies, diverse ethnic groups (Latinos, African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans) were most frequently sampled (67%). Review findings identified (a) DSM intervention typologies (primary DSM intervention, DSM reinforcement intervention, and primary DSM intervention plus reinforcement intervention) and selection of blended or bundled intervention components; (b) DSM intervention translation to community-based, electronic, and home settings; and (c) DSM intervention delivery (interventionists, dosages, and fidelity).