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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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PRDM14: a unique regulator for pluripotency and epigenetic reprogramming.

Fumio Nakaki1, Mitinori Saitou2

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|May 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary

PRDM14 is a transcriptional regulator crucial for pluripotency and epigenetic reprogramming in early development. Understanding its conserved and divergent functions in mice and humans is key to controlling stem cell fates.

Keywords:
PRDM14epigenetic reprogrammingglobal DNA demethylationpluripotencypluripotent stem cellsprimordial germ cells

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • PRDM14 is a member of the PR domain-containing (PRDM) family of transcriptional regulators.
  • It is specifically expressed in preimplantation embryos, primordial germ cells (PGCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • PRDM14 plays a critical role in regulating pluripotency and epigenetic reprogramming, including genome-wide DNA demethylation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the precise function of PRDM14 in both mice and humans.
  • To investigate the conserved and species-specific roles of PRDM14.
  • To provide insights into the regulation of pluripotency and the epigenome.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of PRDM14 function in mouse and human models.
  • Studies on gene expression patterns in relevant cell types.
  • Investigation of epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA demethylation.

Main Results:

  • PRDM14's function in pluripotency and epigenetic reprogramming is conserved between mice and humans.
  • Distinct species-specific differences in PRDM14 function were observed.
  • PRDM14 is essential for genome-wide DNA demethylation in pluripotent cells.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of PRDM14 function is vital for deciphering pluripotency regulation.
  • Insights into PRDM14's role can advance stem cell biology and therapeutic applications.
  • Further research into PRDM14 will enhance control over stem cell fates across species.