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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

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Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators in cardiac myocytes.

Lars Kaestner1, Anke Scholz, Qinghai Tian

  • 1From the Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Research Center for Molecular Imaging and Screening, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg-Saar, Germany (L.K., A.S., Q.T., S.R., W.T., K.W., P.L.); Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (H.A.K., O.J.M.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany (H.A.K., O.J.M.); and Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (M.I.K.).

Circulation Research
|May 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Genetically encoded calcium indicators offer powerful insights into cardiac calcium signaling. This review guides selection and discusses future developments for cardiac cell and tissue research.

Keywords:
calciumfluorescence resonance energy transfergene transfer techniquesmyocytes, cardiac

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Molecular Imaging
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) are essential for studying calcium signaling in cardiac cells and tissues.
  • Understanding calcium dynamics is crucial for investigating heart function and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of GECIs for cardiac applications.
  • To compare GECIs with each other and with traditional dyes like Fura-2.
  • To offer guidelines for selecting appropriate GECIs for cardiac myocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and state-of-the-art GECI technologies.
  • Inclusion of in vivo viral gene transfer experiments.
  • Comparative analysis of various GECIs and Fura-2.

Main Results:

  • GECIs offer significant advantages for studying cardiac calcium signaling.
  • Guidelines for GECI selection in cardiac myocytes are provided.
  • Comparisons highlight the strengths and weaknesses of different indicators.

Conclusions:

  • GECIs are invaluable tools for cardiac research, with ongoing developments enhancing their capabilities.
  • Future improvements focus on photophysical properties and broader applications.
  • This review aids researchers in selecting and utilizing GECIs effectively for cardiac studies.