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Long-distance extraction of arguments and adjuncts affects sentence processing. We found processing difficulty, not extraction type, explains acceptability differences in long-distance extraction, with both involving similar processing sites.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Linguistics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Long-distance extraction in linguistics involves removing a constituent from a subordinate clause to a higher position.
  • Previous studies link filler-verb incompatibility in long-distance extraction to increased response times and decreased acceptability.
  • A potential explanation involves differences between argument extraction and adjunct extraction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of long-distance argument versus adjunct extraction on sentence processing.
  • To determine if processing difficulty or extraction type drives observed acceptability differences.
  • To examine the online processing mechanisms for argument and adjunct long-distance extractions.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted two offline surveys to gather acceptability judgments.
  • Performed an online experiment measuring response times during sentence processing.
  • Kept the degree of incompatibility between the extracted element and the matrix verb constant across conditions.

Main Results:

  • Acceptability differences between argument and adjunct long-distance extractions are primarily driven by processing difficulty.
  • Both argument and adjunct extractions appear to utilize the same intermediate attachment sites during online processing.
  • Incompatibility effects on response time and acceptability are consistent across argument and adjunct extraction types when difficulty is controlled.

Conclusions:

  • The argument/adjunct asymmetry in acceptability for long-distance extraction stems from processing difficulty variations.
  • Online processing of both argument and adjunct long-distance extractions involves shared intermediate attachment sites.
  • This research clarifies the role of processing difficulty versus grammatical role in complex sentence comprehension.