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Direct current is a flow of electric charge in only one direction and has a steady state of constant voltage in the circuit. Rectifiers, batteries, commutator-equipped generators, and fuel cells are some examples of devices that generate direct current. Nowadays, most applications use a time-varying voltage source. Alternating current is a flow of electric charge that periodically reverses direction. An alternating current is produced by an alternating emf that is generated in a power plant. If...
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In a series resistor-inductor (R-L) circuit, closing the switch at the start of the time period simulates a three-phase short circuit, a fault condition where all three phases of an unloaded synchronous machine are short-circuited. When there is no fault impedance and no initial current, the initial voltage is determined by the phase angle of the source voltage.
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Conducting a three-phase short circuit test on an unloaded synchronous machine helps understand its impact on the system. The AC fault current's oscillogram, with the DC offset removed, reveals that the waveform amplitude decreases from an initially high value to a steady-state level for one phase of the machine.
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AC Electrokinetic Phenomena Generated by Microelectrode Structures
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Direct current contamination of kilohertz frequency alternating current waveforms.

Manfred Franke1, Niloy Bhadra1, Narendra Bhadra1

  • 1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.

Journal of Neuroscience Methods
|May 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) stimulation may be contaminated by direct current (DC). Adding inductors to the electrode setup effectively eliminates this DC contamination, ensuring signal purity for neural response studies.

Keywords:
DC in KHFACDirect currentHFACKHFACKilohertz high frequency alternating currentNerve block

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) offers unique neural modulation compared to lower frequencies.
  • KHFAC waveform generation faces challenges, particularly potential direct current (DC) contamination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the unintentional DC contamination in KHFAC waveforms.
  • To evaluate methods for mitigating DC contamination in KHFAC signals.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated current- and voltage-controlled KHFAC generators.
  • Tested configurations including capacitive, resistive, and combined capacitive-inductive couplings.
  • Assessed the effectiveness of high-value inductors in parallel with electrodes.

Main Results:

  • Both voltage- and current-controlled generators can introduce DC contamination.
  • Capacitive coupling alone is insufficient to eliminate DC contamination.
  • High-value inductors effectively reduced DC contamination to below 1 μA, regardless of generator type.

Conclusions:

  • Careful electronic design is crucial for KHFAC studies.
  • Inductive filtering is a reliable method to prevent DC contamination in KHFAC.
  • Standardized testing and reporting of DC contamination are recommended for KHFAC research.