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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

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The optic chiasm.

Desmond Kidd1

  • 1Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, United Kingdom; University College Hospital Medical School, United Kingdom.

Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.)
|May 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The optic chiasm, where optic nerves cross, enables contralateral vision. This review covers its embryology, anatomy, vascular supply, and clinical syndromes related to its function.

Keywords:
neuroanatomyoptic chiasmvisual disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • The optic chiasm is a crucial structure for visual processing, formed by the crossing of optic nerve fibers.
  • Understanding its anatomy and function is vital for diagnosing visual field defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the optic chiasm.
  • To detail its embryological development, anatomical structure, and vascular supply.
  • To discuss clinical syndromes and diseases affecting the optic chiasm.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of embryology, anatomy, vascular supply, and clinical aspects of the optic chiasm.
  • Synthesis of information on diseases impacting optic chiasm function.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of optic chiasm formation and fiber crossing.
  • Explanation of how nasal retinal fibers cross to enable contralateral visual processing.
  • Identification of common clinical syndromes and diseases affecting the optic chiasm.

Conclusions:

  • The optic chiasm's unique structure is fundamental for binocular vision.
  • Knowledge of its anatomy and pathology is essential for clinical diagnosis and management.
  • This review consolidates key information for researchers and clinicians.