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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
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Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

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A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

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Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
40
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
53

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Tuberous sclerosis presenting with hemorrhagic stroke.

Radheshyam Purkait1, Sreyasi Bhattacharya, Birendranath Roy

  • 1Departments of Pediatric Medicine and *Radiology, NRS Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata-700014. WB, India. Correspondence to: Dr Radheshyam Purkait, radheshyampurkait@gmail.com.

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Summary

Intracerebral hemorrhage is a rare complication of tuberous sclerosis (TS). This case highlights TS as a potential cause of stroke in children, even without typical vascular malformations.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is uncommon in tuberous sclerosis (TS).
  • ICH in TS typically involves cerebrovascular malformations or subependymal giant cell astrocytomas.
  • Awareness of rare ICH presentations in TS is crucial.

Observation:

  • A 2-year-old boy presented with symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke.
  • Diagnostic work-up for the stroke did not identify a definitive underlying cause.
  • The patient was subsequently diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis.

Findings:

  • The patient experienced gradual improvement in neurological deficits.
  • Follow-up neuroimaging confirmed the resolution of the intracerebral hemorrhage.
  • No specific cerebrovascular malformation or tumor was identified as the cause of hemorrhage.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering tuberous sclerosis in pediatric patients presenting with unexplained ICH.
  • Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for TS in the differential diagnosis of stroke in children.
  • Further research may elucidate the mechanisms of ICH in TS without apparent vascular lesions.