Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

1.3K
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
1.3K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

20.2K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
20.2K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

3.1K
3.1K
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

132.7K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
132.7K
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

10.0K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
10.0K
Transcription01:17

Transcription

23.9K
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
23.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Spatiotemporal dynamics of anionic phospholipids orchestrate lateral root initiation and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Journal of experimental botany·2025
Same author

Auxin-mediated stress relaxation in pericycle and endoderm remodeling drives lateral root initiation.

Biophysical journal·2024
Same author

Tunable recurrent priming of lateral roots in Arabidopsis: More than just a clock?

Current opinion in plant biology·2023
Same author

GreenGate 2.0: Backwards compatible addons for assembly of complex transcriptional units and their stacking with GreenGate.

PloS one·2023
Same author

Increased gene expression variability hinders the formation of regional mechanical conflicts leading to reduced organ shape robustness.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2023
Same author

Alexis Maizel.

Current biology : CB·2023
Same journal

Molecular Interplay of PARN and Telomerase: Tail Modifiers and Disease Implications.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
Same journal

Exploring New Frontiers in Bone Metabolism: Role and Potential of lncRNA DANCR.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
Same journal

Functional Inclusion of RNA Biology in the Tethered Extracellular Matrix.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
Same journal

Structural and Functional Diversity of RNA-Containing Toxin-Antitoxin Systems.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
Same journal

Promoter-Targeting RNA Technologies: An Epigenetic Strategy for Gene Activation and Gene Silencing.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
Same journal

LncRNA PCAT18: Roles and Mechanisms in Human Cancers.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale
09:41

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Published on: May 14, 2020

11.7K

Post-transcriptional regulation in root development.

Eva Stauffer1, Alexis Maizel

  • 1Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|May 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plants adjust root development through post-transcriptional gene regulation. Small RNAs fine-tune gene expression for growth, nutrient balance, and stress responses, impacting overall plant physiology.

More Related Videos

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize
09:23

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

13.5K
Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types
08:53

Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types

Published on: April 7, 2023

2.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale
09:41

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Published on: May 14, 2020

11.7K
Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize
09:23

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

13.5K
Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types
08:53

Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types

Published on: April 7, 2023

2.3K

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Plant root systems exhibit developmental plasticity to adapt to environmental changes.
  • This adaptation relies on alterations in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles.
  • Post-transcriptional gene regulation plays a crucial role in controlling these adaptive responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene expression controlling root development and growth.
  • To highlight the specific roles of small RNAs in regulating root system architecture and function.
  • To discuss the impact of alternative splicing and long noncoding RNAs on root physiology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on post-transcriptional gene regulation in plant roots.
  • Focus on small RNA-mediated gene silencing pathways.
  • Analysis of alternative splicing and long noncoding RNA functions.

Main Results:

  • Small RNAs are key regulators of root formation, patterning, lateral organ development, and symbiosis.
  • Post-transcriptional regulation by small RNAs is vital for nutrient homeostasis and stress responses in roots.
  • Alternative splicing and long noncoding RNAs also significantly influence root development and symbiotic interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Post-transcriptional gene modulation, particularly via small RNAs, is essential for plant root adaptability.
  • Understanding these regulatory layers provides insights into optimizing root growth and stress tolerance.
  • Further research into noncoding RNAs will deepen our knowledge of root physiology.