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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Non-coding RNAs and gastric cancer.

Pei-Fei Li1, Sheng-Can Chen1, Tian Xia1

  • 1Pei-Fei Li, Sheng-Can Chen, Tian Xia, Xiao-Ming Jiang, Yong-Fu Shao, Bing-Xiu Xiao, Jun-Ming Guo, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|May 17, 2014
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Summary

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key in cell functions and gastric cancer. Specific microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) show potential as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.

Keywords:
Gastric cancerLong non-coding RNAMicroRNANon-coding RNAPiwi-interacting RNASmall interfering RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial regulators of cellular processes like development, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
  • Altered expression of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), is significantly associated with the occurrence, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer.
  • Aberrant miRNA expression correlates with gastric cancer stage, size, differentiation, and metastasis, impacting cellular signaling, tumor suppressor genes, and cell cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of various non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in gastric cancer.
  • To highlight potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies involving ncRNAs in gastric cancer.
  • To discuss the significance of miRNAs, lncRNAs, Piwi-interacting RNAs, and small interfering RNAs in gastric carcinogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing research on non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer.
  • Identification and compilation of specific ncRNAs implicated in gastric cancer development and progression.
  • Examination of the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of identified ncRNAs.

Main Results:

  • Specific miRNAs (e.g., miR-21, miR-106a, miR-421) show promise as diagnostic markers for gastric cancer.
  • Several lncRNAs (e.g., CCAT1, GACAT1, H19, SUMO1P3) are implicated in gastric cancer and are areas of active research.
  • Piwi-interacting RNAs (e.g., piR-651/823) are involved in gastric carcinogenesis and can serve as detectable diagnostic biomarkers.
  • Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) play a role in post-transcriptional regulation and may offer therapeutic avenues for gastric cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Non-coding RNAs represent a critical area of study in understanding and combating gastric cancer.
  • ncRNAs, particularly miRNAs and lncRNAs, hold significant potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.
  • Further research into ncRNAs could lead to improved diagnostic tools and novel treatment strategies for gastric cancer patients.