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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
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Consider a man with a mass of 70 kg seated in a chair connected to a pin support through a member BC. If the man maintains an upright position, the task is to determine the horizontal and vertical reactions of the chair on the man when the member makes a 45° angle with the horizontal. At this moment, the man has a speed of 5 m/s, increasing at a rate of 1 m/s².
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
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Should a standing or seated reference posture be used when normalizing seated spine kinematics?

Brendan D Cotter1, Brian C Nairn1, Janessa D M Drake1

  • 1School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.

Journal of Biomechanics
|May 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers recommend using a standing reference posture for normalizing seated spine kinematics, as it appears optimal for most movements and regions. However, a seated reference may be better for specific mid-thoracic flexion angles.

Keywords:
MethodsNormalizationReference postureSeated kinematicsSpine

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Spine Kinematics
  • Human Movement Analysis

Background:

  • There is no established consensus on the most effective normalization procedure for seated spine kinematics.
  • Accurate kinematic data is crucial for understanding spinal function and dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate changes in seated spine range of motion (ROM) when normalized to standing versus seated reference postures.
  • To determine if maximum planar movements yield maximal ROM values compared to specific movement instructions for different spinal regions.

Main Methods:

  • Thirteen male participants performed seven different movement trials, including maximum planar movements and combined lumbar/thoracic movements.
  • Global and relative angles were calculated for upper-thoracic, mid-thoracic, lower-thoracic, and lumbar regions.
  • Kinematic data was normalized to both standing and seated reference postures.

Main Results:

  • A standing reference posture was found to be optimal for normalizing global and relative angles in most spinal regions for flexion, twisting, and lateral bending.
  • Maximum planar movements captured the greatest ROM for global angles and some relative angles (lower-thoracic, lumbar flexion).
  • Exceptions included the relative flexion angle in the mid-thoracic region, where a seated reference was potentially better.

Conclusions:

  • For general seated spine kinematic normalization, a standing reference posture is recommended.
  • Researchers studying relative mid-thoracic flexion angles should consider using a seated reference posture for normalization.