Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

19
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
19
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

27.2K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
27.2K
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

2.6K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
2.6K
Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

1.2K
Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
1.2K
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

11.7K
Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
11.7K
Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

883
Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...
883

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The impact of a patient navigator on readiness assessment scores in youth transitioning to adult health care in Alberta.

Health care transitions·2026
Same author

Suicide attempts, self-harm and suicidal ideation among Norwegian university students with eating disorders and disordered eating: the SHoT study 2018 and 2022.

BMC psychiatry·2026
Same author

Exploring undergraduate student perceptions of the appropriateness of standardized mental health screening measures: a qualitative descriptive study.

Journal of American college health : J of ACH·2026
Same author

Defining Cannabis Use Disorder in Administrative Health Data: A Systematic Review of Case Definitions and Validation Approaches.

Cannabis and cannabinoid research·2026
Same author

Correction: Point prevalence and incidence of depressive and generalized anxiety symptoms among women attending antenatal clinics, a longitudinal study among adolescent mothers in Mwanza Tanzania.

Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health·2026
Same author

Co-involvement of stimulants with opioids in North America: A 'silent epidemic'.

PLOS mental health·2026
Same journal

UK consensus on pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: An update to 'Association of British Neurologists' guidance.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2026
Same journal

Comparative effectiveness of rituximab versus ocrelizumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis on clinical relapses and radiological outcomes in British Columbia, Canada.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2026
Same journal

Invisible symptoms in multiple sclerosis and their impact on social role participation: A multidimensional analysis.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2026
Same journal

Interaction between smoking and <i>HLA-A*02:01</i> in multiple sclerosis progression.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2026
Same journal

Impact of multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies on chronic lesion tissue expansion.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2026
Same journal

Tobacco smoking disrupts bile acid and tryptophan metabolism in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 29, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.9K

Depression in multiple sclerosis: a long-term longitudinal study.

Marcus W Koch1, Scott Patten2, Sandy Berzins3

  • 1Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, University of Calgary, Alberta, CanadaDepartment of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada mwkoch@ucalgary.ca.

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)
|May 24, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) is often chronic, unlike the general population. Baseline depression strongly predicts long-term depressive symptoms in MS patients.

Keywords:
Multiple sclerosisdepression

More Related Videos

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
10:46

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

Published on: December 9, 2015

10.3K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 29, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.9K
A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
10:46

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

Published on: December 9, 2015

10.3K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Depression frequently co-occurs with multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • The long-term prognosis of depression in MS is not well understood.
  • Depression in the general population typically presents as episodic, short-lived episodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term prognosis of depression in individuals with MS.
  • To compare the course of depression in MS to that in the general population.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal observational study using data from the Calgary MS clinic.
  • Assessed changes in Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD) scores over four years.
  • Logistic regression analyzed predictors of depression, including sex, age, disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), baseline depression, and antidepressant use.

Main Results:

  • CESD scores remained stable or slightly decreased over four years, while EDSS scores increased.
  • Depression at baseline was the most significant predictor of depression at follow-up.
  • Antidepressant use was associated with a higher risk of depression, but starting/stopping treatment did not significantly alter depression risk or CESD scores.

Conclusions:

  • Depression in MS appears to be largely chronic, contrasting with the episodic nature in the general population.
  • This chronicity suggests a distinct pathophysiology for depression in MS.