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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
06:07

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Published on: October 22, 2020

Interaction between smoking and HLA-A*02:01 in multiple sclerosis progression.

Anna Karin Hedström1, Pernilla Stridh1, Jan Hillert1

  • 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)
|July 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Smoking increases multiple sclerosis (MS) disability progression risk, particularly in those without HLA-A*02:01. This highlights how immunogenetics influence MS outcomes in smokers.

Keywords:
Multiple sclerosisdisability progressiongene–environment interactionhuman leukocyte antigensmoking

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
06:07

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Published on: October 22, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Neurology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Gene-environment interactions, specifically between smoking and HLA genotypes, are implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility.
  • The influence of these interactions on MS disability progression remains largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if smoking affects MS disability progression differently based on HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-DRB1*15:01 status.
  • To explore gene-environment interactions in MS beyond initial disease onset.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two population-based case-control cohorts with 6807 MS patients from the Swedish MS registry.
  • Classified patients by smoking status at diagnosis and HLA genotype (HLA-A*02:01, HLA-DRB1*15:01).
  • Employed Cox regression to assess time to disability worsening (24-week confirmed disability worsening, EDSS 3, 4, 6), analyzing interaction on the additive scale over 15 years.

Main Results:

  • Smoking at diagnosis significantly increased disability progression risk (CDW, EDSS 3, EDSS 4) primarily in individuals lacking HLA-A*02:01.
  • Smokers positive for HLA-A*02:01 showed no clear increased risk of disability progression.
  • No significant interaction was detected between smoking and HLA-DRB1*15:01 status regarding MS disability progression.

Conclusions:

  • The effect of smoking on multiple sclerosis progression is contingent upon an individual's immunogenetic background, specifically HLA-A*02:01 status.
  • These findings underscore the importance of considering genetic factors when evaluating environmental risks in MS.