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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C
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Maternal immune transfer in mollusc.

Lingling Wang1, Feng Yue1, Xiaorui Song1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China.

Developmental and Comparative Immunology
|May 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Maternal immunity in molluscs transfers protective factors via eggs, enhancing offspring defense against pathogens. This innate immunity provides crucial early-life protection and can be influenced by broodstock condition and environmental factors.

Keywords:
EggImmune factorsMaternal immunityMolluscTrans-generational effect

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Immunology
  • Aquaculture

Background:

  • Maternal immunity is vital for offspring protection in early life stages.
  • Mollusc eggs are vulnerable to pathogens due to external fertilization.
  • Innate immune factors are maternally transferred to mollusc eggs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of maternal immunity in molluscs.
  • To identify maternally derived immune factors in mollusc eggs.
  • To understand the influence of broodstock condition on offspring immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on maternal immunity in molluscs.
  • Identification of innate immune factors (e.g., lectins, lysozyme, LBP/BPI, antioxidant enzymes).
  • Analysis of factors affecting maternal transfer of immunity.

Main Results:

  • Maternally derived lectins and antibacterial factors confer defense to mollusc eggs.
  • Other immune factors' roles require further investigation.
  • Broodstock physiological condition, nutrients, environment, and pollutants impact immunity transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal immunity is crucial for protecting mollusc offspring.
  • Immune stimulation in parent molluscs can transfer immunity to offspring.
  • Understanding maternal transfer can improve mollusc broodstock management for disease resistance.