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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
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The chondrocyte primary cilium.

R Ruhlen1, K Marberry2

  • 1A.T. Still Research Institute, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO, USA.

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
|June 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chondrocyte primary cilia, once thought vestigial, are now recognized as sensory organelles crucial for mechanotransduction. Their altered characteristics in osteoarthritis suggest potential therapeutic targets for this condition.

Keywords:
ChondrocyteCiliaMechanotransductionOsteoarthritis

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Area of Science:

  • Cartilage biology
  • Cellular mechanobiology
  • Ciliogenesis

Background:

  • The function of primary cilia on chondrocytes has been a long-standing enigma in cartilage research.
  • Historically considered vestigial, recent evidence highlights their role as sensory organelles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence supporting the sensory role of chondrocyte primary cilia.
  • To explore their involvement in mechanotransduction and signaling pathways.
  • To speculate on the role of intraflagellar transport (IFT) in these processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and electron microscopy studies.
  • Analysis of molecular components of chondrocyte cilia (e.g., integrins, proteoglycans).
  • Comparison of chondrocyte responses to mechanical forces with and without intact cilia.

Main Results:

  • Chondrocyte primary cilia act as sensory organelles, particularly in mechanotransduction.
  • Cilia are involved in signaling pathways and respond to mechanical forces via associated molecules.
  • Chondrocytes lacking cilia exhibit altered responses to mechanical stimuli.
  • Cilia in osteoarthritic cartilage display distinct features compared to healthy cartilage.

Conclusions:

  • Chondrocyte primary cilia are integral to cartilage mechanobiology.
  • Dysfunctional cilia are associated with osteoarthritis.
  • Targeting chondrocyte cilia presents a promising avenue for osteoarthritis prevention and treatment.