Ethical Issues
Nursing Ethical Principles II
Ethical Dilemmas II
Ethical Dilemmas I
Obedience
Standards of Care II
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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
Published on: October 3, 2019
G Palacios1, B Herreros2, E Pacho3
1Grupo de Trabajo de Bioética de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna, España; Unidad de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alocorcón, Alcorcón, España.
Physicians must navigate patient refusal of medical interventions by respecting autonomy while ensuring informed consent. A structured approach involves patient education, capacity assessment, and exploring alternatives, balancing life protection with freedom of choice.
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