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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
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Autoimmunity: Rationalizing possible pathways from initiation to disease.

Melvin Cohn1

  • 1Conceptual Immunology Group, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037-1099, United States.

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|June 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding autoimmunity requires analyzing the body's self-nonself discrimination. This study proposes a model for normal discrimination and its link to autoimmune diseases, exploring evolutionary biology's role.

Keywords:
Determination of effector classExperimental testsInnocent bystander immunopathologyModelingSelf–nonself discrimination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Physiological systems require self-nonself discrimination to prevent self-destructive activities.
  • Autoimmunity analysis is contingent upon understanding normal self-nonself discrimination mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a pathway for normal self-nonself discrimination.
  • To examine the mechanism of effector class determination in the context of autoimmune disease.
  • To explore how evolutionary biology principles can inform the understanding of autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a theoretical model for self-nonself discrimination.
  • Extrapolation of the model to explain autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • Review of experimental data challenging the proposed models.

Main Results:

  • A pathway for normal self-nonself discrimination is proposed.
  • A mechanism linking effector class determination to autoimmunity is considered.
  • Defective elements leading to autoimmunity are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model provides a framework for understanding normal discrimination and its failure in autoimmunity.
  • Evolutionary biology logic can meaningfully guide the understanding of autoimmune diseases.
  • Further research is needed to experimentally validate the proposed mechanisms.