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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Instructions can trigger automatic response activations.
  • The Simon effect demonstrates faster responses when irrelevant stimulus location matches response location.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if instruction-based response activations can counteract automatic response activations based on long-term associations.
  • To determine the malleability of the Simon effect through instructional cues.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a Simon task.
  • Instructions for an incompatible position task were presented without practice.
  • The effect of compatible spatial stimulus-response task instructions was also assessed.

Main Results:

  • The Simon effect was eliminated by merely presenting instructions for an incompatible position task.
  • Moderate practice of the incompatible task did not enhance the instructional effect.
  • Instructions for a compatible spatial task did not influence the Simon effect.

Conclusions:

  • Stimulus-response associations formed via instructions can override long-term associations.
  • The Simon effect is highly malleable, influenced significantly by instructional cues.