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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
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Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias.

M Eller1, P J Goadsby1,2

  • 1Headache Center-Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Oral Diseases
|June 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) are distinct headaches with lateralized pain and autonomic symptoms. They include cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, SUNCT/SUNA, and hemicrania continua, differentiated by duration and treatment response.

Keywords:
cluster headachecranial autonomic symptomshemicrania continuaparoxysmal hemicraniatrigeminal autonomic cephalalgias

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Headache Medicine

Background:

  • Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) are primary headache disorders characterized by unilateral pain and ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms.
  • The main types of TACs include cluster headache (CH), paroxysmal hemicrania (PH), SUNCT/SUNA, and hemicrania continua (HC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic criteria for TACs as per the International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition-beta (ICHD-IIIb).
  • To differentiate between various TACs based on attack duration, frequency, and therapeutic response.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic criteria from the ICHD-IIIb.
  • Comparison of TAC subtypes based on clinical presentation, including attack duration, frequency, and response to treatments like indomethacin.

Main Results:

  • TACs are distinguished by lateralized pain and autonomic features; key types are CH, PH, SUNCT/SUNA, and HC.
  • Hemicrania continua (HC) is continuous and indomethacin-responsive, differing from chronic migraine.
  • Other TACs vary significantly in duration and frequency, with SUNCT/SUNA being the most frequent and shortest in duration.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of TACs relies on differentiating their unique temporal patterns and responses to specific treatments.
  • Distinguishing TACs from other headache disorders, such as trigeminal neuralgia, is crucial for appropriate management.