Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

29
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
29
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

26
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
26
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

6.9K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
6.9K
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

22
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
22
Goiter01:27

Goiter

32
Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
32

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin combination in patients with advanced adrenocortical carcinoma.

Journal of the Endocrine Society·2026
Same author

Patient-Reported Symptom Burden Among Thyroid Cancer Survivors: Retrospective Cohort Study.

JCO clinical cancer informatics·2026
Same author

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: From molecular genetics to precision therapy.

Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism·2026
Same author

Safety of biopsy in phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an international, multicentre, retrospective cohort study.

The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology·2026
Same author

Approach to the patient with metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: advances in systemic therapy.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same author

A differentiated thyroid carcinoma-specific graded prognostic assessment for brain metastases: derivation in a 10,306-patient cohort and external validation.

Journal of neuro-oncology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

2.1K

Update on medullary thyroid cancer.

Mimi I Hu1, Anita K Ying1, Camilo Jimenez1

  • 1Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1461, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|June 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare cancer with varied behavior. Research into its pathogenesis and new treatments offers hope for more effective, less toxic therapies for this challenging disease.

Keywords:
DiagnosisMEN type 2Medullary thyroid carcinomaPathophysiologyTreatment

More Related Videos

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

24.0K
Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
06:08

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

2.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

2.1K
An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

24.0K
Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
06:08

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

2.6K

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare thyroid malignancy.
  • MTC exhibits diverse clinical behaviors, ranging from indolent to aggressive.
  • Distinct phenotypic characteristics differentiate sporadic and hereditary MTC forms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenesis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.
  • To highlight recent advancements in clinical trials and therapeutic approvals for MTC.
  • To discuss the implications of ongoing research for future MTC treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of MTC pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for investigational agents.
  • Examination of approved medications for advanced MTC.

Main Results:

  • Activation of cell surface receptors and intracellular signaling pathways are implicated in MTC pathogenesis.
  • Two new medications have been approved for progressive, advanced MTC.
  • An increasing number of clinical trials are investigating novel agents for MTC.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding MTC pathogenesis is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
  • Recent therapeutic advancements offer improved options for advanced MTC.
  • Further research promises more effective and safer treatments for this rare cancer.