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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
882
Portal Hypertension01:22

Portal Hypertension

44
Portal hypertension is an increase in blood pressure within the portal venous system. Normally, this pressure is less than 5 mmHg. It is considered clinically significant when it rises above 10 mmHg. At this threshold, complications from altered blood flow and venous congestion emerge.EtiologyPortal hypertension arises from conditions that impede blood flow through the liver. The most common cause is cirrhosis, in which chronic liver injury leads to fibrotic scarring. This fibrosis narrows or...
44
Pyloric Obstruction01:11

Pyloric Obstruction

34
Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
34
Varicose Veins I: Introduction01:26

Varicose Veins I: Introduction

380
Varicose veins, or varicosities, are abnormally dilated and twisted superficial veins caused by venous valve incompetence. This condition commonly affects the lower extremities, especially the saphenous veins, due to the higher pressure from prolonged standing and walking. However, varicosities can also occur in other areas, such as the esophagus, vulva, spermatic cords, and anorectal region.Etiology and typesPrimary varicose veins, often idiopathic, are more common in women due to inherent...
380
Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:23

Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management

1.9K
The clinical manifestations of gastritis can vary depending on the cause and type of gastritis, but some common symptoms may include the following.
Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis
The patient with acute gastritis may have a rapid onset of symptoms, such as epigastric pain or discomfort, dyspepsia, anorexia, hiccups, or nausea and vomiting, which can last from a few hours to a few days. Erosive or hemorrhagic gastritis may cause bleeding, which may manifest as blood in vomit or as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Underwater Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy for Gastroesophageal Varices
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Update on gastric varices.

Maria Triantafyllou1, Adrian J Stanley1

  • 1Maria Triantafyllou, Adrian J Stanley, Department of Gastroenterology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G4 OSF, United Kingdom.

World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
|June 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gastric variceal bleeding, a severe complication of portal hypertension, requires updated management strategies. This review covers causes, classification, and treatments for gastric varices to reduce mortality.

Keywords:
GastricPortal hypertensionTissue glueTransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shuntVarices

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Gastric variceal bleeding is a serious complication of portal hypertension.
  • It is less common than oesophageal variceal bleeding but carries high mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an update on the aetiology, classification, and management of gastric varices.
  • To review recent evidence on optimal management strategies, including drug, endoscopic, and radiological therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent published evidence on gastric varices.
  • Focus on acute bleeding, prevention of rebleeding, and primary prophylaxis.

Main Results:

  • Gastric varices necessitate specific management approaches.
  • Optimal strategies involve a combination of medical, endoscopic, and radiological interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Updated knowledge on gastric varices is crucial for effective patient management.
  • Comprehensive strategies are needed to improve outcomes and reduce mortality associated with gastric variceal bleeding.