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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

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Reprogramming the methylome: erasing memory and creating diversity.

Heather J Lee1, Timothy A Hore2, Wolf Reik3

  • 1Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.

Cell Stem Cell
|June 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic reprogramming, including DNA methylation, establishes cellular memory for development. This process resets memory in stem cells, enabling differentiation and cell fate decisions.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Epigenetic marks like DNA methylation act as molecular memory for transcriptional programs.
  • This memory is crucial for faithful commitment to cell lineages during mammalian development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of epigenetic reprogramming in establishing and resetting cellular memory.
  • To understand how epigenetic mechanisms influence cell fate decisions and lineage commitment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DNA methylation patterns during mammalian development.
  • Investigation of epigenetic reprogramming in primordial germ cells, early embryos, and embryonic stem cells.
  • Examination of molecular links between methylation machinery and pluripotency.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming leads to global genome hypomethylation and loss of memory, characteristic of naive pluripotency.
  • Reciprocal molecular links between methylation machinery and pluripotency are observed in key developmental stages.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms are proposed to generate transcriptional diversity for cell fate decisions.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming is essential for resetting cellular memory and establishing pluripotency.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms play a critical role in symmetry breaking and lineage commitment during differentiation.