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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
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Monolithically integrated mid-infrared lab-on-a-chip using plasmonics and quantum cascade structures.

Benedikt Schwarz1, Peter Reininger1, Daniela Ristanić1

  • 1Institute for Solid State Electronics and Center for Micro- and Nanostructures, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria.

Nature Communications
|June 7, 2014
PubMed
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We developed a compact, cost-effective mid-infrared sensor using a single quantum cascade device that acts as both laser and detector. This integrated sensor achieves parts-per-million (p.p.m.) accuracy for chemical detection in liquids.

Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Spectroscopy
  • Integrated Optics
  • Chemical Sensing

Background:

  • Demand for compact, cost-effective mid-infrared (MIR) sensors for remote applications.
  • Previous miniaturization efforts relied on discrete optical components, limiting integration and cost-efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a monolithically integrated MIR absorption spectroscopy sensor.
  • To demonstrate a novel bi-functional quantum cascade laser/detector for simplified sensor design.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a single quantum cascade device capable of switching between laser and detector modes via bias adjustment.
  • Employed a dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguide for enhanced light-matter interaction in liquids.
  • Achieved end-fire coupling for efficient light transfer to and from the waveguide.

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Main Results:

  • Demonstrated p.p.m. accuracy for chemical detection over a wide concentration range (0-60%).
  • Achieved a detector signal slope of 1.8-7 μV per p.p.m. without amplification.
  • Fabrication is straightforward and cost-saving, avoiding hybrid integration or subwavelength patterning.

Conclusions:

  • The monolithically integrated sensor offers a cost-effective and straightforward solution for MIR sensing.
  • The bi-functional quantum cascade device simplifies sensor architecture and fabrication.
  • This technology enables rapid sensing and diagnosis in remote areas and various other applications.