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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

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Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

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Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
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Formulation and Characterization of Bioactive Agent Containing Nanodisks
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From Elderflower to Bioactive Extracts: Phytochemical Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

Maryna Koval1,2, Sławomir Dresler3,4, Sandra Kowalik2

  • 1Department of Pharmacognosy with Medical Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized elderflower (Sambucus nigra) extraction, identifying naringenin as key to its anti-inflammatory effects. Optimized extracts show potential for skin treatments by inhibiting inflammatory pathways.

Keywords:
HPLC-MS fingerprintingHaCaT NF-κB Luc reporter cellsanti-inflammatory potentialchemometricscytotoxic propertieselderberryextraction

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Area of Science:

  • Phytochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Natural Product Chemistry

Background:

  • Sambucus nigra (elderflower) possesses known medicinal properties.
  • Understanding its phytochemical profile is crucial for optimizing therapeutic applications.
  • Inflammatory skin conditions require effective and safe treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the phytochemicals in elderflower extracts.
  • To correlate chemical profiles with anti-inflammatory activity.
  • To establish an optimized extraction method for elderflower.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and maceration.
  • HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS for phytochemical fingerprinting.
  • In vitro anti-inflammatory assays using TNFα-stimulated HaCaT NF-κB Luc reporter keratinocytes.
  • Chemometric analysis (PLS-DA) to identify active compounds.

Main Results:

  • UAE with an ethanol-water mixture yielded the highest rutin and chlorogenic acid.
  • Elderflower extracts, particularly anhydrous ethanolic ones, significantly inhibited NF-κB activation.
  • Naringenin was identified as a primary contributor to the anti-inflammatory effect.

Conclusions:

  • Extraction solvent and method significantly impact elderflower's phytochemical composition and bioactivity.
  • Optimized Sambucus nigra extracts demonstrate potent, naringenin-driven anti-inflammatory effects.
  • These extracts hold promise for dermatological and cosmetic applications in managing inflammatory skin disorders.