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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

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Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
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Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

16
A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

20
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Acute cerebellitis with hydrocephalus.

Nida Amjad1, Anwarul Haque1, Khalid Ahmed1

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi.

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP
|June 8, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case study highlights cerebellitis in an 8-year-old, presenting with sudden headache and vomiting. Prompt treatment with corticosteroids and an external ventricular drain led to a full recovery without neurological deficits.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Cerebellitis is an uncommon inflammatory condition of the cerebellum, often presenting with acute neurological symptoms in children.
  • Hydrocephalus can be a serious complication of cerebellitis, necessitating prompt diagnosis and management.
  • Understanding the neuroimaging characteristics of cerebellitis is crucial for timely intervention.

Observation:

  • An 8-year-old child presented with sudden onset headache, vomiting, broad-based gait, and intention tremors.
  • Cerebellar swelling with mass effect obliterating the fourth ventricle was observed on MRI brain.
  • CT head revealed prominent third and lateral ventricles, indicating obstructive hydrocephalus.

Findings:

  • MRI demonstrated isointense signals on T1-weighted and hyperintense signals on T2-weighted imaging in the cerebellum.
  • Clinical and radiologic findings were consistent with cerebellitis complicated by hydrocephalus.
  • The patient required high-dose corticosteroids and external ventricular drain (EVD) insertion for management.

Implications:

  • Early diagnosis and aggressive management of cerebellitis with hydrocephalus are critical for favorable outcomes in pediatric patients.
  • This case underscores the importance of neuroimaging in identifying cerebellar inflammation and associated complications.
  • Prompt treatment can prevent long-term neurological deficits, as demonstrated by the patient's uneventful recovery.