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Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices
Published on: July 11, 2025
Evidence for a glassy state in strongly driven carbon
C R D Brown1, D O Gericke2, M Cammarata3
11] Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK [2] Plasma Physics Department, AWE plc., Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, UK [3] Plasma Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
Abstract:
Here, we report results of an experiment creating a transient, highly correlated carbon state using a combination of optical and x-ray lasers. Scattered x-rays reveal a highly ordered state with an electrostatic energy significantly exceeding the thermal energy of the ions. Strong Coulomb forces are predicted to induce nucleation into a crystalline ion structure within a few picoseconds. However, we observe no evidence of such phase transition after several tens of picoseconds but strong indications for an over-correlated fluid state. The experiment suggests a much slower nucleation and points to an intermediate glassy state where the ions are frozen close to their original positions in the fluid.
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